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Showing posts with label yogachara. Show all posts
Showing posts with label yogachara. Show all posts

20131016

The Humanity of No-Self

According to Buddhist doctrine, the self is as artificial as a car, a house, or even money. It only exists as a concept because a Greek philosopher wrote "pneumos" when speaking about the soul and "autos" for the self.

Such abstract notions have no existence in reality nut only in the mind. As such, they have been reified, taking shape as valid concepts in religions other than Buddhism.

Even where one thinks the soul or the self is discussed in Buddhism, it is only because of confirmation biases that the higher two of the eight consciousnesses theorized by the Yogachara school of Buddhism appear to be similar, but are not.

By denying the existence of the self, Buddhism only remains true to the doctrine of no-self, in which no permanent self exists apart from the body.

Instead, it substitutes the six consciousnesses of modern Buddhism, and rarely discusses the two higher consciousnesses, lest those people who believe in a permanent soul mistake them for the self and the soul.

For those who hold firm to the concept of a permanent soul, and declare that a self exists independent of a body, also claim our humanity with its good works is due to a soul, and falsely assert that the lack of a soul is the reason for evil.

In truth, this fallacy is disproved by the fact that it is humanity's creations which may be deemed good or evil, including the pernicious fallacy called "immortal life".

Indeed, belief in immortal life is a satanism since millions of innocent lives have been sacrificed to it in the name of a Higher Power, be it Allah, G*d or Adonai. In comparison, post-modern human sacrifice to the devil has been proven again and again to be a myth.

Even without a soul, a person may be compassionate and loving, just as one may be uncaring and full of hate, depending on what has been made.

Without a soul, even an animal is capable of creating good. Is not a kitten proof of this? As well, an animal is capable of creating evil. Every time a bear comes to town, its predation is proof of this.

Likewise, what a man creates determines the good of his deed; what he creates also determines the evil of his deed.

What does this have to do with the self? We create, not because of the existence of a self nor do we act out of the goodness of our hearts because of a soul. We act because we are human, and quibbling over its origin in some permanent self or the benefit of a soul is animism.

For the existence of a soul does not make one man good and its absence, another man evil. This kind of fallacy leads to thinking the world is evil because it lacks capacity for a soul.

Yet nature itself is filled with life, and does not need one soul or many souls to exist. Since nature creates itself, and judges not itself, what good will soul be to it?

Since humanity is a vital part of nature, it follows too that humanity can do without soul, since the acts of its members may be judged good or evil without referring to soul.

As for the self, it is but a vain concept that only egocentrics would love to exist, despite not truly being the centre of the world at all.

20130313

Notes on the Ego as Seventh Consciousness

The state of transposed substance that has the obscuring indeterminate nature is the connection between the sentience and the basis.

The state of transposed substance has two modes: the real and the seeming. Real transposed substance refers to the seventh consciousness relating to the eighth consciousness by falsely transposing the latter's perceiver division into a 'self'. That 'self' has no reality of its own, but is based upon the substance of the perceiver division of the eighth consciousness. [The seeming transposed substance refers to the sixth consciousness's relations with external states.]

The seventh consciousness is referred to as the "Ego", "Ego-self", and for cases of mental disturbance, "Ego-delusion" e.g. paranoia, phobia, anxiety to the point of confusion and hallucination (mental mirages).

The "self" is a delusion arising from the experience of the eighth consciousness' perceiver division. Having no independent reality, it appears in the mind (manas, or Sixth Consciousness) as the hallucination of the "self".

The obscuring indeterminate nature is one of two modes of the indeterminate nature, the third of the Three Natures. The other mode is the non-obscuring indeterminate nature. Obscuring refers to those states of consciousness that have the function of, literally, 'covering' one's true nature. That is what the seventh consciousness does. As will be explained, it 'covers'--it distorts the true nature of--the perceiver division of the eighth consciousness. The non-obscuring nature refers to the perceived division of the eighth consciousness. It is said to be non-obscuring because it does not distort or obscure the true nature of the mind.

"Obscuring" refers to the ability to hide (occultation). Its opposite is "non-obscuring."

The seventh consciousness obscures the mind (manas) regarding the eight consciousness. By hiding the true nature of the mind, the ego mistakes the eighth consciousness for the "self".

In the mind arises the thought "I have a self", and close examination of the ego leads to obscuring the eighth consciousness.

Sometimes, the more you confront yourself with the truth, the more the "self" establishes itself as "real".

With meditation though, it is possible to remain calm and perceive the seventh and eighth consciousness as they truly are.

The eighth consciousness is non-obscuring since it does not distort or obscure the true nature of the mind.

In between the seventh consciousness--'sentience' in the verse--and the perceiver division of the eighth consciousness--'basis' in the verse--there arises a state of transposed substance, which is the object of the seventh consciousness and which is identified by the seventh consciousness as being the 'self'. This is the process that obscures one's true nature.

Through one's sentience, one misperceives the basis of eighth consciousness as the "self". Hence "sentient being" is synonymous with "one who mistakes the basis of consciousness for the self", and also implies that sentience is not empty of ego-delusion nor empty of ego-self.

However, only the seventh consciousness is full of "ego-delusion" arising as the "self" or "ego-self".



Reference:

VERSES DELINEATING THE EIGHT CONSCIOUSNESSES by Tripitaka Master Hsuan-Tsang of the Tang Dynasty, Translation and Explanation by Ronald Epstein: http://online.sfsu.edu/rone/Buddhism/Yogacara/BasicVersesseventhcons.htm

20130217

We Can Become Buddhas

Orgyen Tobgyal Rinpoche says:

It is because this ground or sugatagarbha or potential is common to all beings that they are capable of attaining enlightenment. If they did not have such a ground then they could never become buddhas.

For example: a stone doesn’t have the ‘ground’ or potential to produce oil, and so no matter how much you might press it and grind it — even if you use modern tools and machinery — you will never extract any oil. A sesame seed, on the other hand, does have the potential to produce oil, and by pressing it in the right way, sesame oil can and will be produced. So it is because the potential exists as part of our basic nature that we can become buddhas.


In my previous blog post, I wrote about the Eight Consciousnesses of Yogacara School. In it, the eight consciousnesses revealed, and of them, it is the eighth consciousness that will help with the understanding of the Buddhist term of "ground". For the eighth consciousness is also called "all-ground consciousness" in Tibetan Buddhism.

Sugatagarbha is the Tibetan Buddhist term for Tathagatagarbha, or Buddha Nature.

Buddha Nature is common to all sentient beings, for every being is capable of attaining enlightenment.

Since the potential to become Buddha exists as part of our primordial nature, we all can become buddhas.

Indeed, Buddha Nature is awaken by hearing the Teaching of the Buddha. Inspired by his message, one may choose to become a Buddha, and develop Bodhi Mind, which is both the determination to become a Buddha and the aspiration to help other sentient beings become enlightened.

One of the ways to become enlightened is to become a Zen master, which might involve a backache and perhaps the risk of hemorrhoids. Seriously though, traditional Zen involves the preliminary chanting of the Heart Sutra followed by hours of the sitting in meditation of zazen.

However, the whole point of meditation is to firstly develop the calm mind and secondly, achieve samadhi (one-pointedness of mind or single-minded concentration). To aid in this task, the disciple is given a koan, which is like a Chinese finger puzzle for the mind. For the intent of a koan and zazen is to make the mind flexible enough to achieve satori (seeing into one's true nature).

This happens when the disciple lets go of clinging to what Zen is supposed to be, and has that moment of sudden enlightenment when he lets go of what he thinks Zen is.

When the Zen practitioner carries the burden of Zen as a bunch of rules requiring discipline to practice just sitting in excellence, it's like the Zen master who carried a beautiful girl across a flooded stream and his disciple.

For the purpose of meditation is not just to achieve a calm mind, but to also develop the flexibility of mind to let go of clinging to thoughts. With every breathe he takes, the disciple learns discipline.

Even though sometimes I may mock the Zen practitioner, it is to discover if his meditation has resulted in the joy of satori. This is why when I meditate, it is done with a smile.

Master Hui-Neng inspired his disciples by teaching them about "no-thought."

No-thought is the state of mind where one cannot find the word for objects he sees and his mind clings to nothing.

In contrast, Hui-Neng's description of the "pure and unattached mind" which "comes and goes freely and functions fluently without any hindrance" reminds me more of the coming and going of the flow of thoughts without doing more than returning to just breathing when their distraction leads one away from meditating.

Even if we meditate and do not achieve Nirvana in this life, it still is possible to become a Buddha in the afterlife.

Yet the Buddhist remembers that she does her mindful practice for all sentient beings. If she chanted daily even ten Buddha Recitations, then that will help her become reborn in the Pure Land of Bliss.

As long as she did this with utmost sincerity to help all sentient beings become Enlightened, and is determined to be reborn in the Pure Land, her rebirth there is assured.

If she would rather chant the Heart Sutra before meditation, and she chanted it with single-mindedness, it's said she'd discover its true meaning.

In Sanskrit, the beauty of the mantra is found in chanting "gate gate pāragate pārasaṃgate bodhi svāhā."

This mantra is pronounced as: "Guh-teh guh-teh PAH-ruh-sum-guh-teh bohd-hee swa-ha."

The Dalai Lama translated the Heart Sutra mantra as "go, go, go beyond, go thoroughly beyond, and establish yourself in enlightenment."

It's been said that all sentient beings have the potential to become buddha, for Self nature is Buddha Nature. Indeed, the Self is filled with selflessness, that sense of psychic prowess performing acts of random kindness in a friendly, loving manner.

Yet it is also empty of the self, which is depicted in Buddhism as the egocentric Monkey mind swinging from thread to thread of thought without a clear focus on the truth of one's actions, or even better, the truth of the Dharmakaya.

For Dharmakaya is but the Truth of the Tathagata that all phenomena, Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are essentially empty of permanence, being a part of the temporary nature of all phenomena. Even Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are finite despite living uncountable ages.

It is wonderful to contemplate the myriad Buddhas, bodhisattvas and the Buddhist pantheon of gods and goddesses pacified by the Buddha to protect him, the Dharma and the Sangha through skillful means.

Although my words about Buddhism may seem hypocritical for exposing the less interesting aspects of Buddhism for Westerners, it is not so.

All my words on Buddhism are inspired by what the Buddha said. For the truth is, we can become Buddhas, by going beyond an intellectual understanding of the Dharma to actually practising meditation.

Though I prefer silent Nembutsu practice of Buddha Remembrance in combination with some kind of breath meditation to prevent my chanting from annoying the neighbours! >:)



References:

Buddha nature: http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Sugatagarbha
Eight Consciousnesses Revisited: http://gandhara.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-eight-consciousnesses-revisited-poem.html
Yogacara: the Eight Consciousnesses: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara#The_eight_consciousnesses

20130104

Mind and Consciousness As Viewed by the Buddhist

Is the mind a quality of consciousness? No, the mind cannot be a quality of consciousness as it (the mind) arises through the outflow from the brain.

It is an impossibility for conscious to be aware of the mind, since the mind being aware indicates consciousness, whilst consciousness is a quality of the mind.

Is consciousness a quality of the mind? Yes, for the mind is conscious of self and others.

With respect to the consciousness-only school of Buddhism, consciousness itself arises from the mind, which itself arises from the brain's activities.

If the brain dies, so too does consciousness and the mind. Therefore, it can be said that consciousness is also a quality of the active brain.

Thus, consciousness is vaguely aware of itself but to be conscious of consciousness is redundant in syntax. This is why such consciousness is called awareness. Another term used is meta-consciousness, though I haven't heard of it or read of it.

If we replace consciousness with awareness, then the questions are better answered.

Is the mind a quality of awareness? No, because you need a mind to be aware of itself and consciousness.

Is awareness a quality of the mind? Yes, because the mind can be aware of itself and consciousness.

However, could the mind become a quality of awareness? It is possible, despite syntactical errors.

Then it is possible for consciousness to be aware of consciousness, and for the mind to be aware of consciousness. However, the mind can be aware of itself too. Such a mind is known as the diamond mind. Being aware of itself implies clarity of mind as well as mental transparency (the ability to see things through).

Thus awareness is not equal to consciousness but are two facets of the mind..

Since both the mind and consciousness can be aware of consciousness, it follows that the mind is similar to consciousness.

Yet the mind cannot be equal to consciousness since without the mind, it is gone.

Yet is an unconscious mind aware? No, it cannot use the senses.

You'll find that using the senses one can find out a lot about the mind: it can experience phenomenon, both inner (of the mind) or outer (material). Also, the mind can experience phenomenon that has no existence outside fictional works be it in print, on the big and silver screen, especially video.

As well, the mind can be aware of the fact that every character and sentient being in a manga is a conscious entity and thus possesses consciousness, despite the fact that every character and sentient being have no physical existence apart from a poor sketch of each character.

Going further, since Amida Buddha has a cover story, it depicts a mythical king who pledged allegiance ot a Buddha of a bygone era before the historical Buddha, and consequently founded a Buddha world called "The Pure Land of Bliss." After many lifetimes he became the twin Buddhas, Amida Buddha and Amitayus Buddha (Boundless Light of Wisdom and Boundless Life of Compassion respectively. These twins meditated for many eons and soon merged as one, called Amida Buddha.

How is this related to awareness and consciousness? Metaphorically, awareness denote a generalization of the feeling of being aware that is shared between all sentient beings. In contrast, consciousness is the generalization of the feeling of being consciousness. Just as one can be conscious of having a mind, a mind can be aware of being conscious. Thus being conscious and being aware are almost alike just a Amida and Amitayus are alike and just as Wisdom and Compassion are alike.

Compassion applies being able to be selfless enough to lose self-consciousness. Ergo it is associated with awareness. Thus one can be aware of being compassionate, yet have an awareness of compassion.

Wisdom on the other hand applies to experiencing phenomenon from a personal point of view, must as being conscious is. Thus one can be conscious of being wise, and wisdom is thus the shared view of being wise.

Thus awareness of compassion is possible and being conscious of wisdom is too possible.

Likewise one can be aware of being wise, and be conscious of compassion.

Therefore wisdom and compassion are but two facets of the diamond mind.

20061229

Mind Alone Exists in All Creation

How could a man deny what does not exist except as concept (self) when he cannot be certain of what exists (reality) yet claims that reality only exists?

If only reality existed, then even thought itself would not exist.

That thought and concept exists prove that self exists.

And the reason why reality exists is due to man's ability to think about it.

This is not to say that no-thought leads to unreality but that reality is not independent of thought.

For even if man did not exist, mind is not alien to lesser beings. It's just that they have no need for self-awareness. For mankind is not the only being capable of thought; he is merely capable of self-awareness.

Hence the declaration that "mind alone exists" refers to the spiritual essence which manifests itself in all creation.