On this Boxing Day, after the experience of spending Christmas Day with my family, I ponder the meaning of "the spirit of Christmas" at home. Yet what does the spirit of Christmas really mean?
This Christmas is unlike all the Christmases before today: I love it, despite all the gift giving. Because of the magic of giving without any thought of myself, I am free of myself.
Who benefits from that freedom? All of us, who too have freed ourselves from wondering "What's in it for me?"
Instead, embraced by what began the world of today, I shall declare what makes us free:
"Love one another as each of us has learned to love our enemies in forgiveness and with the mercy of God."
For that is what the spirit of Christmas really means to me. What say thee?
Commentary:
Disclaimer: everything I write is my opinion only, and not endorsed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Though I present their plan of salvation, my interpretation of Jesus as son of God differs greatly from theirs to remain true to all peoples of the Book, be they Ahmadi, Baha'i, Christian, Druze, Jew, Mandean, Muslim, or Yazidi
Indeed, Christmas represents God's forgiveness for the trespasses of past sins and mercy to everyone who truly repents of them. This is but my own personal opinion.
Yet the doubt of this sentiment by unbelievers is matched by their unspoken belief in the mercilessness of a cold and cruel world devoid of God, who to them is an imaginary friend.
To me, this imaginary friend is real in my heart, and he has a name: God Almighty. Before we chose to live this mortal life, we once were, are still, and shall remain His children, all of us sons and daughters of God.
For not only do I believe, the spirit of Christmas is captured in the imagination of all believers of God Almighty that one of his sons, the Christ Jesus, is real — not just in my heart, but in the heats of all believers on his name, too.
We know him to be born in Springtime, over 2000 years ago. Even though the celebration of Jesus' birth is a recent innovation assimilated into his worship, the love of God Almighty leads his faithful children to the Savior, born in a manger so long ago.
Although my faith sustains me, the truth that sets me free is this: Jesus as prophet has brought the Comforter that is promised to everyone who is baptized in his name. My belief in this promise sustains my faith in God Almighty. Because of that faith, I am free of the error of unbelief symbolized by one question — 'What's in it for me?"
That error is corrected by my belief in a merciful God — and in the son of God, the Christ Jesus — to become the quest for what is in that faith of the believer who believes in the greatest story ever told: the story of Jesus.
Christmas begins that story. Each light in a Christmas tree represents the light of the soul bequeathed with the Holy Ghost, enlightened with the belief in God Almighty and the faith of a mustard seed which seems so small yet grows quickly, basking in the light of Christ Jesus.
In this light, faith in Jesus and his Atonement, repentance of sins, baptism in his name, receiving the gift of the Holy Ghost, and enduring to the end in the path of perseverance are the five things which are near and dear to my heart as the plan of salvation.
Christmas reminds me of these five things which shape my understanding of God's plan of salvation clearly to me. Christ Jesus' story clarifies how that understanding affirms my belief in God Almighty. As God's dearest child, Jesus is the shining example of perfection. This is why he is referred to as God's Only Begotten, and this metaphor is often taken literally, lest its metaphorical significance distract the doubters from its spiritual truth: the love of God for us all that Jesus died for our sins, and thus atoned for our sins. This is the truth of his Atonement, that I believe on the name of Jesus to follow in his example — to go and sin no more.
When Jesus was baptized in God's name by John the Baptist, he did so to show that he is the Word, and that the Light of the Word is of God Almighty.
Though men will debate of immaculate conception and conflate the term "son of God" into "Son of God," my belief in the Light has revealed to me through the Holy Ghost that the Word which enlightens us reflects upon that Light.
Thus am I freed by the Word to show that the Light of God Almighty shines on us all. Though this be my personal belief, it leads me to remain resolute in my belief in Jesus as son of God Almighty, comforted by the Holy Ghost that is of God, the Father of us all.
For God is One as the Light of the world, and Jesus, the Word that shines that Light on the world — by the subtle power of the Holy Ghost, the Spirit of God that enlightens all believers, even myself.
What is Christmas then? It is about the spirit of giving that transcends exchanging gifts and even that of Boxing Day Specials. Many people line up to to get the best deals in town at such sales events.
Though Christmas Day was yesterday, all of this on which I reflect might be forgotten, were I to indulge myself by lining up in a long queue to buy a Boxing Day special. Instead, I sit here crafting this Christmas message, and have no doubt of the import of my message to my followers, both old and new.
Christmas is special, because it teaches us about giving without expectation of getting something in return. Were it possible to be giving 24-7, 365 days a year, men, women and children might perfect themselves daily. Yet this wish to be giving of oneself is perfection. Free agency perfected might realize it as ideal, but reality favours being human; for to be human is to err, and forgiveness, divine — due to God's mercy.
This brings us to the birth of Jesus in a manger on a clear Spring night over two millennia ago.
For me, the birth of Jesus — symbolized by Christmas — defines the moment when God Almighty showed once again, shows even now, and shall show tomorrow how merciful that he truly is. This indeed is the mercy of God in action — compassion and loving-kindness for us all.
That an innocent child of God grew up to become his greatest prophet confirms the mercy of God Almighty and the destiny of that child as our savior Jesus as Messiah. Indeed, Christmas is about the Christ child, the gift of our salvation.
"Behold,a virgin shall conceive, and shall bear a son, and shall call his name Emmanuel." — Isaiah 7:14
Inspired by the Journey to the West, Gandhara is devoted to both Western and Eastern Truth.
ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ - Hail the Lord whose name eliminates spiritual darkness.
Om Ganeshaya Namaha (ॐ गणेशाय नमः) - Homage to Ganesha.
Unconditional love tranquilizes the mind, and thus conquers all.
Search This Blog
20151226
The Meaning of Christmas 2015 (Christmas)
20151004
God Pouring Out His Love Through Jesus (Religion)
While listening to the October General Conference on Sunday, I briefly nodded off.
Due to insomnia, I had gotten little rest the night before.
Anyhow, during that brief moment asleep, I saw a man who I realize now was a water-bearer around whom were gathered a crowd.
"I bring water," he said, "to share with everyone freely so that those of you who drink of it may live."
Having said that, he carefully filled a cup with water from a large water bag on his back, and let each person who had assembled before him drink from the cup.
Then I awoke, and realized that the man was Jesus Christ. Through this dream, God was reminding me of the importance of General Conference to each and everyone who listens to, and/or studies the conferences.
Through all the speakers at the General Conference God is conveying his love for us all. Just as the conference speakers share good news about Jesus, so too is Christ Jesus pouring out his love for all mankind through his atonement, and who sacrificed his life so that we may have eternal life. That love is expressed in Mark 22:37-40 when Jesus says:
"...Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.
"This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
"On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets."
For these two commandments confirm that God is pouring out his love for mankind through the Christ Jesus.
20150713
Honor Thy Mother
Recently I have been fighting with my mother. After a long prayer about the situation in my personal life, I have come to realize that the only way to deal with her is to tell her "I love you" regardless if what she says or does.
For Jesus said "love one another", and this applies especially to the commandment to honor my parents. Jesus also said "love your enemies" and dedicate yourself to their welfare. Yet my greatest enemy is always my selfish desires.
Even though I may mistake my mother for my enemy, the only true enemy is self-will.
So from this day forward I shall try to transform my selfishness into the selflessness as I listen to my mother in respectful silence.
Indeed, Love is the only response to a mother who misuses the commandment to "honor thy father and mother." For this is too the commandment of the Christ: to honor my mother by responding with love to anything she says or does.
All that I am capable of doing is to respond in a loving and compassionate manner, regardless of her behavior. For love conquers all, and my actions from this day forward shall reflect my determination to practice what I preach.
So shall I dedicate myself to honor my mother in a gentle and kind manner for the sake of our family.
20150329
The Etymology of the Christ (self study)
In the Christian sects, "Jesus Christ" predominates as his Latin name. More correctly, Jesus is the Greek version of the Hebrew name, Yeshua. Thus, his first name could also be read as Joshua.
Christ means "the anointed one". The term "Christ" means "Messiah" and can be used interchangeably with respect to Revelation.
Returning to the name of the Lord, "Jesus Christ" is an abbreviation for "Jesus the Messiah." Another acceptable term for Jesus the Messiah is "the Christ Jesus."
To ensure that each Christian sect know that we all are talking about the same Jesus, he is called Jesus Christ.
References:
Yeshua: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshua_%28name%29
Christ: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ
Messiah: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah
20141021
Authors of Destiny
For man is not only capable of great evil but also great good.
All that the devil can do is accuse or tempt us. We are perfectly capable of making mistakes on our own when temptation leads to desire.
Of course, the devil exists in Christendom. However, the devil never made a person do anything. That's merely an excuse for being wicked until one is damned by ill will.
This is why it's important to attend church regularly, and serve the church selflessly to renew your covenant with God.
That's what repentance is about.
Although God is the author of good-and-evil, people are the authors of their own destiny.
20141013
The Mystery of the Soul (testimony)
In the olden days, it was thought that God helps place the soul in babies after conception from the premortal world. Today we know that the soul is actually passed on by man and wife in marriage during Es-ee-eks e.g. procreation creates a living human being who is also a soul.
There is no ghost in the shell. Or so the secularists have propagandized.
Most of the Bible says the body dies and goes to the grave, and the soul goes to Spirit World.
The secularist's conception of procreation conflicts with the religious idea of a soul leading to the pro life vs pro choice debate.
However, the Bible is silent on the soul as a separate entity save for the implication of eternal life if you choose Jesus as Savior -- which actually is when the Holy Ghost becomes pals with your soul and helps develop you into the spiritual being you become after living a spiritually rich life.
Overall, the soul is fully developed at conception but is awakened spiritually by action of the Holy Ghost on a person's life after baptism.
In the name of Jesus Christ I believe this to be true.
Amen.
20141005
Worshipping God as a Buddhist Mormon
This article of faith guarantees me the privilege to be a Buddhist Mormon, even though the Christian faithful who are deep in Christology claim that such syncretism is anathema to Christianity.
For myself as a Mormon, my Buddhist roots help me to clear my mind so that I am able to worship God according to the dictates of my own conscience.
Most of my worship consists of reading Mormon literature, and understanding various aspects of the LDS faith.
Additionally, the dictates of my own conscience is greatly influenced by religious pluralism, which helps to inspire a Christology that is further illumined by my Pure Land Buddhist origins.
Amida Buddha of Pure Land is defined as the boundless light of wisdom and the boundless life of compassion.
In Christianity, the light of Christ is akin to the spirit of Christ, and thus is closely identified with the Holy Ghost (Holy Spirit). As well, the Christ is referred to as the Word. Thus, the Word symbolizes the spiritual wisdom derived from the truth of Atonement i.e. that Jesus Christ sacrificed his life for the sins of mankind and God's Mercy is a free gift to all Christians whose sins are washed away in baptism.
Thus the Holy Ghost is the agent by which spiritual wisdom is derived by acting on the Christian through prayer and meditation inspired by scripture.
Likewise, compassion is symbolized by God's Mercy for all Christians who repent of their sins by following the articles of their faith.
Thus, much of my Buddhist practice of meditation helps me in my study of the Book of Mormon and related LDS scripture, which is vital to the greater understanding of LDS ideology.
Indeed, I am thankful to God for the privilege of his worship according to the dictates of my own conscience.
References:
- LDS Articles of Faith: http://www.mormon.org/beliefs/articles-of-faith
- Why Mormons Are Buddhist and Vice Versa: http://mormonmatters.org/2008/03/12/why-mormons-are-buddhists-vice-versa/
20140925
Unconditional Love
To love is to care for, to die for, and to live for other people regardless of being strangers.
To love unconditionally is to love without conditions attached to that Love.
Rather than saying "I love you", I say "I love the world." Instead of saying "I do it for myself," I say "I do it for everyone, including myself."
Thus is the ideal of unconditional love manifested. Anyone can care for their mother and father. Yet he who knows of God knows of His unconditional love for us all.
Such a Love as this was manifested when Jesus Christ died on the cross for all our sins.
It continues today with the rise of secularism as a challenge to God-fearing people to turn the other cheek when the spiritually ignorant atheists cherry pick quotes from the Bible that challenge the Christian worldview of a loving God.
Indeed, what right do the ignorant masses have to misrepresent Christianity? Free speech allows each of us to question the doctrines of both the Protestant and Catholic churches. They do not give each of us the right to harass believers in a vain attempt to prove religion is for weaklings.
For religion is not for the weak willed, because they shall soon find themselves choosing between mannah and God. Rather, religion is for the strong stomach, because there shall be challenges to one's faith in life.
At the root of these challenges is a lack of faith of the atheists. It makes me wonder what they truly have faith in.
What good is a life in which lack of faith is one's guide? Without faith, are they truly free?
However, even the atheists have their beliefs. I know not what they believe in, but have faith that they do believe, for they are human too.
As for faith, just as I have faith that God is merciful, I hope that the unbelievers have faith in whatever they worship, be it Pikachu or Captain Kirk or even science.
Throughout all of this, I also hope that unconditional love, in its myriad forms, is known to both the believer and the unbeliever. Though I do not know how such a Love would manifest among the unbelievers, I know that Love manifests in the form of the Christ for all Christendom.
For I have faith that unconditional love exists, and that it empowers me to act within the limits of my faith in God.
20140918
This One's for the Atheists (satire)
Yet I do not fear death because of having meditated on birth and death, being and nonbeing. Perhaps it is my faith in an imaginary friend that gives me hope beyond belief until fearlessness is my comfort and strength.
Those people who do not understand how belief and faith work are ignorant of both faith and belief. In their ignorance, their fears are revealed.
This state of being that their minds reside in is called doubt and is associated with faithlessness. I as one of the faithful shall not get an answer, were I to ask "what do you believe in and do you have faith in it?"
Gravity causes a stone to fall to the earth, but it is a man who throws it. "Let he who dares to cast the first stone be free of sin."
In writing this post, I cast no stone. It is a testimony of faith. Deal with it.
20140915
Kyrie Eleison: To serve is the meaning of Priesthood (satire)
Is it not too early to serve the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saint? No, for it is not I who hears God calling me but the bishop who knows that I shall be an usher because, despite lost sleep from the night before, I am trusted due to the mercy, not of him, but of God himself.
Yes, but it is because I answered the questions correctly, but not according to my libertarian views. For libertarian means "a person who shall live for the day, choosing to act conservative when it suits him with regard to private worship while actually holding onto liberal values like a life raft in his secular role in society."
I believe the pejorative term to describe me is "hypocrite" which means "a person who applies the least amount of critical thought to all things in his practice of his faith; he who acts pious on Sunday but is the least pious when it is not the Lord's day; a person who act religious in front of pious people."
Recently I have talked to an apostate who is First Nations, and argued with him about the chastity vow. He claims that most religious people break their vows regularly by claiming that overall, most Christians masturbate (99% men, 90% women). My counterargument is that 75% of Mormons masturbate, overall (80% men and 62% women). I decided not to add that by the time they get baptized (between their 10th to 12th year), the rate might be higher but becomes lower.
A lot of Mormons can save their grief if they have fallen due to masturbation. This is not an act that will lead to Spirit Prison. However, this sin is what the Melchizedek priesthood uses to psychologically blackmail members of the church, and sometimes the lower Aaronic priesthood. It is also what confessing to such a thing may lead to NOT being a Good Member In Standing - pun intended.
Since most masturbation is done in the privacy of the home, it is between you and God, not anyone in the Priesthoods to use to control your behavior and to use in an excommunication due to fapping instead of praying to the Lord. Prayer is the recommended method of substitution, i.e. praying rather than fapping.
It is unimportant to the higher priests to even mention masturbation to them, because it tempts them to commit the higher sin of Lording it over you. Remember the Bible story about the rich man praying to God and the poor may praying also. That is the sin that anyone who controls other people, regardless of whether it is religion or politics, commits and it is less pardonable than breaking the vow of chastity.
For when a rich man is humble, he is no different from a poor man who humbles himself by praying, "Lord, have mercy on me a sinner."
Indeed, a priest ought to make the Sinner's prayer his motto.
Reference:
Melchizedek - Latter-Day Saint beliefs: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek#Latter-day_Saint_beliefs
The Melchizedek priesthood is the higher priesthood; and the Aaronic is the lower.
20140202
The Metaphor of Burning in Hell (satire)
If you are Christian and a Islamophobe then you may be a bigot and, according to certain Christian sectarian dogma, you might burn in hell.
If you are a Christian and believe non-Christians will burn in hell then let me assure you that your literal interpretation of the Bible has blinded you to its metaphorical content.
For hatred of Muslims implies unbelief in the ever-loving Christ, regardless of your so-called belief in Him. Hatred of non-Christians is implied by Christian doctrine but not by the Bible.
Furthermore, no one Christian or otherwise knows what awaits them in the afterlife but hatred cuts everyone off from a true and sincere love of humanity, regardless of creed or faith.
Please note that I don't believe in hell as eternal torment but as a temporary destiny after death. Nor do I believe in bigotry and hatred towards Muslims.
For it was not Muslims who committed the tragedy on September 11, 2001. Rather, it was political Islamists who too are just as much unbelievers as anyone who has a large board of hatred blocking the last shred of love left in them. Though such militants claim belief in God, it might be Satan working through them.
Most Muslims were just as shocked as you were, and consider al Qaeda and like-minded Islamists politically radical militants but not Muslims.
Indeed, Islamist implies the political ideology of Sharia that runs counter to Islam.
If a Christian were to radicalize and hold an ideology of the Ten Commandments and consider anyone resisted him to be an unbeliever and worthy of death then he would be considered a potential domestic terrorist by the US government.
This includes anti-abortionist shooters, anti-government militias and even certain groups motivated by ideology i.e. radical right who use violence.
Indeed, anyone who wishes death on anyone else and affiliates with any God-fearing religion that stresses love and submission before a higher power than himself has occulted himself from belief in God and substituted it with a belief in death.
And who knows death more than Satan does? Even those lost sheep who have chosen him may know of death.
Hatred inflames the heart and places the hater in a metaphorical hell. Thoughts of death to other people complement that hatred.
Thus hatred causes the hell of your own making, regardless of your faith.
On the other hand, the love of which a wise man speaks is not humanity's love of God but rather the merciful compassion that calms all hearts because our love for all things good in life.
Peace of mind is the ideal of all things good in life. Such a mind at peace calmly abides in the clarity of mind that is free of anger and hatred and soon becomes full of the truest love of all, our love for each other, regardless of religion.
He who fears another is ignorant of that love. She who loves knows the power of love. Before that power of love, even he who loves power confesses his ignorance of love.
What if that tragedy in 2001 was the last chance for Americans to show humility before the world? What if the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq was the hope that that humility be shared by the conquerors with the conquered?
These two questions are but rhetorical, and may result many more questions than can be addressed in this article.
However, the metaphor of burning in hell refers to the anger at being caught unaware in 2001 which resulted in the so-called War on Terror. It also refers to the hatred that consumed a few people who — out of ignorance — chose to unjustly blame others for causing two passenger jets to destroy the Twin Towers, including the tragic deaths in America of Sikhs killed by two men consumed by anger and hatred.
When anger consumes a person, it causes mental instability. When hatred consumes such a person, that unstable mind will find a target upon which to vent his rage. In the case of 911, that target became the Muslims. Yet I do not consider the madmen who piloted those jets to be Muslims but criminal terrorists.
It is illogical and irrational to scapegoat Muslims around the world for 911. A better use of our time would be in studying the perversion of Salafi ideology in Islam that results in the violent militancy of al Qaeda, home-grown domestic terrorism and related criminal terrorism such as the recent bombings by militant Chechens in Russia.
As well, the Boston Massacre may have been inspired by Chechen militancy but it was also fueled by the fear perpetrated by conspiracy theorists who deny the official version of 911.
In any case, such acts of terrorism are often perpetrated by men and sometimes women who burn with hatred for a targeted enemy who is nothing more than a scapegoat for their rage.
Thus, the metaphor of burning in hell is apt.
Yet those of us who know of love know that the power of love triumphs over love of power. Non-violent confrontation of life that is both its fruit and its seed is planted when we fall in humility before that power.
It is possible for love to transform a would-be killer into a humble man who chooses life over death. Indeed, when we let unconditional love guide us, compassion and mercy promotes loving kindness towards other people. All anger and hatred is forgotten, and replaced by meekness.
Thus, the antidote to hatred is love, for it quenches the thirst for revenge without blood being shed. For the power of love is so great that it calms the mind and snuffs out the anger.
All that is left is a calm mind abiding in peace.
Now, that is better than letting hatred cause the hater to feel like he is burning in hell.
20140103
Eternal Life (satire)
Yet the rich elite only know the Billy Graham version of Jesus who promises immortal life in exchange for money made through the hard work and suffering of all walks of life, be it the poor in Africa, the middle class West or their upper class fans.
However, God only offers life eternal (John 17:3), which has nothing to do with immortality.
The verse in question is:
"And this is eternal life, that they know you the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent."
Knowing the only true God, and especially Jesus is the one God has sent, is the knowledge that lives eternally in the heart of Christians. This verse is presents eternal life as metaphor for knowing God and Jesus is the savior of Christians who believe in him.
Thus eternal life has nothing to do with a living soul that is granted immortality.
What might the purpose of pushing the propaganda about immortality accomplish in Christianity? Quite possibly, it may attract superstitious people who believe in miracles and especially in immortality.
However, the concept of an immortal soul is a pagan concept borrowed from Plato. In the early church, neo-Platonian philosophy was introduced to better understand God, Jesus and man's relationship to them.
Most Christians will reject the concept of an immortal soul, and refrain from using the quote I gave above out of context.
As well, church doctrine fails to mention immortality because knowing God and that Jesus is his messenger are the sole tenets on which to base the faith of Christians.
If I know this as a Buddhist, then I wonder why a few Christians cling to the nonsense that eternal life implies "immortality of the soul".
20040609
Myths of Mankind: Jesus as Gnostic Sage
that the good points of pagan mystery religions helped create the
Christianity we know today.
These notes will start with what the visiontv.ca website says and what I
figured out:
Myths of Mankind (Documentary Series)
The belief that Jesus Christ was "the only begotten Son of God" is a
cornerstone of Christianity. But Jesus himself made no such claim.
Modern-day scholars such as Elaine Pagels are challenging the traditional
understanding of who and what Jesus was. Part 2 of 2. (#2-4 The Son of God
Part 2) (Myths of Mankind (2): Ep 4) -
http://www.visiontv.ca/schedules/ProgramThisWeek_fr.php
June 7 - "A Christianity Before Christianity"
The first followers of Jesus adhered to a creed very different from the
Christian faith we know today. Indeed, the discovery of the Gnostic gospels
in 1945 is changing our whole understanding of early Christianity. Rooted in
ancient mystery religions, the Gnostic movement maintained that divinity
lies in each of us, and can find our way to God through self-knowledge.
Gnostics saw the life and death of Jesus in metaphorical terms. According to
some scholars, however, the Gnostic form of Christianity was pushed aside by
a literalist movement that saw Jesus as the only begotten son of God, and
emphasized the vast gulf between man and the divine. By the third century
Orthodox Christianity had allied itself with the Roman state, establishing a
religious monopoly. - http://www.visiontv.ca/HTML/Programs/Myths_Mankind.htm
My notes:
Jesus actually preached oneness with God -- this seems to be the path that
followers of most religions take when the oral tradition is valued over the
book (literalist) tradition.
The literalist movement emphasizes the vast gulf between man and the divine
places Jesus as the only way to become one with God.
Both Gnostic tradition and literalist tradition have their valid points.
Metaphor is used in the Bible: Genesis is a good example, as are the
proverbs.
The mystery religions originate in Egypt with the cult of Osiris. They were
borrowed by the Romans. Another mystery religion was the Mithraic cult.
The kind of Christianity practised is as Augustine wrote: The religion
called Christianity was practised before it was called -- and he even admits
the role the mystery religions played in the genesis of Christian
scriptures.
The point I make here is that it is upon non-Christian tradtions that
Christianity is based. As well, much of the myth about pagan religions is
distorted to imply a wrongness about them.
Indeed, there were few blood sacrifices since most ancient traditions
considered blood as defilement. Hence Christ said "That which comes out of
a man defiles him."
The Gnostic form of Christianity is similar to the Mahayana form of
Buddhism, where the sages, the mystics and even the priests are similar to
the bodhisattva ideal of a Buddhist "saint".
Overall, the documentary tries to maintain a balanced look at the Gnostic
movement, which was suppressed by government decree by Constatine, the
founder of Byzantium (Constantinople).



